http://alexburtonjournal.blogspot.com/2007/11/documentary-form.html
Documentaries can be split into six different forms. The following has been inspired by Bill Nichols books Introduction to Documentary (2001) and Representing Reality (1991). and taken from (http://www.girishshambu.com/blog/2006/12/six-types-of-documentary.html)
1. Poetic documentaries, which first appeared in the 1920’s, were a sort of reaction against both the content and the rapidly crystallizing grammar of the early fiction film. The poetic mode moved away from continuity editing and instead organized images of the material world by means of associations and patterns, both in terms of time and space. Well-rounded characters—’life-like people’—were absent; instead, people appeared in these films as entities, just like any other, that are found in the material world. The films were fragmentary, impressionistic, lyrical. Their disruption of the coherence of time and space—a coherence favored by the fiction films of the day—can also be seen as an element of the modernist counter-model of cinematic narrative. The ‘real world’—Nichols calls it the “historical world”—was broken up into fragments and aesthetically reconstituted using film form.
Examples: Joris Ivens’ Rain (1928), whose subject is a passing summer shower over Amsterdam; Laszlo Moholy-Nagy’s Play of Light: Black, White, Grey (1930), in which he films one of his own kinetic sculptures, emphasizing not the sculpture itself but the play of light around it; Oskar Fischinger’s abstract animated films; Francis Thompson’s N.Y., N.Y. (1957), a city symphony film; Chris Marker’s Sans Soleil (1982).
2. Expository documentaries speak directly to the viewer, often in the form of an authoritative commentary employing voiceover or titles, proposing a strong argument and point of view. These films are rhetorical, and try to persuade the viewer. (They may use a rich and sonorous male voice.) The (voice-of-God) commentary often sounds ‘objective’ and omniscient. Images are often not paramount; they exist to advance the argument. The rhetoric insistently presses upon us to read the images in a certain fashion. Historical documentaries in this mode deliver an unproblematic and ‘objective’ account and interpretation of past events.
Examples: TV shows and films like A&E Biography; America’s Most Wanted; many science and nature documentaries; Ken Burns’ The Civil War (1990); Robert Hughes’ The Shock of the New (1980); John Berger’s Ways Of Seeing (1974). Also, Frank Capra’s wartime Why We Fight series; Pare Lorentz’s The Plow That Broke The Plains (1936).
3. Observational documentaries attempt to simply and spontaneously observe lived life with a minimum of intervention. Filmmakers who worked in this sub-genre often saw the poetic mode as too abstract and the expository mode as too didactic. The first observational docs date back to the 1960’s; the technological developments which made them possible include mobile lighweight cameras and portable sound recording equipment for synchronized sound. Often, this mode of film eschewed voice-over commentary, post-synchronized dialogue and music, or re-enactments. The films aimed for immediacy, intimacy, and revelation of individual human character in ordinary life situations.
Examples: Frederick Wiseman’s films, e.g. High School (1968); Gilles Groulx and Michel Brault’s Les Racquetteurs (1958); Albert & David Maysles and Charlotte Zwerin’s Gimme Shelter (1970); D.A. Pennebaker’s Don’t Look Back (1967), about Dylan’s tour of England; and parts (not all) of Jean Rouch and Edgar Morin’s Chronicle Of A Summer (1960), which interviews several Parisians about their lives. An ironic example of this mode is Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph Of The Will (1934), which ostensibly records the pageantry and ritual at the Nazi party’s 1934 Nuremberg rally, although it is well-known that these events were often staged for the purpose of the camera and would not have occurred without it. This would be anathema to most of the filmmakers associated with this mode, like Wiseman, Pennebaker, Richard Leacock and Robert Drew, who believed that the filmmaker should be a “fly-on-the-wall” who observes but tries to not influence or alter the events being filmed.
4. Participatory documentaries believe that it is impossible for the act of filmmaking to not influence or alter the events being filmed. What these films do is emulate the approach of the anthropologist: participant-observation. Not only is the filmmaker part of the film, we also get a sense of how situations in the film are affected or altered by her presence. Nichols: “The filmmaker steps out from behind the cloak of voice-over commentary, steps away from poetic meditation, steps down from a fly-on-the-wall perch, and becomes a social actor (almost) like any other. (Almost like any other because the filmmaker retains the camera, and with it, a certain degree of potential power and control over events.)” The encounter between filmmaker and subject becomes a critical element of the film. Rouch and Morin named the approach cinéma vérité, translating Dziga Vertov’s kinopravda into French; the “truth” refers to the truth of the encounter rather than some absolute truth.
Examples: Vertov’s The Man with a Movie Camera (1929); Rouch and Morin’s Chronicle of a Summer (1960); Ross McElwee’s Sherman’s March (1985); Nick Broomfield’s films. I suspect Michael Moore’s films would also belong here, although they have a strong ‘expository’ bent as well.
5. Reflexive documentaries don’t see themselves as a transparent window on the world; instead they draw attention to their own constructedness, and the fact that they are representations. How does the world get represented by documentary films? This question is central to this sub-genre of films. They prompt us to “question the authenticity of documentary in general.” It is the most self-conscious of all the modes, and is highly skeptical of ‘realism.’ It may use Brechtian alienation strategies to jar us, in order to ‘defamiliarize’ what we are seeing and how we are seeing it.
Examples: (Again) Vertov’s The Man with a Movie Camera (1929); Buñuel’s Land Without Bread; Trinh T. Minh-ha’s Surname Viet Given Name Nam (1989); Jim McBride & L.M. Kit Carson’s David Holzman’s Diary (1968); David & Judith MacDougall’s Wedding Camels (1980).
6. Performative documentaries stress subjective experience and emotional response to the world. They are strongly personal, unconventional, perhaps poetic and/or experimental, and might include hypothetical enactments of events designed to make us experience what it might be like for us to possess a certain specific perspective on the world that is not our own, e.g. that of black, gay men in Marlon Riggs’s Tongues Untied (1989) or Jenny Livingston’s Paris Is Burning (1991). This sub-genre might also lend itself to certain groups (e.g. women, ethnic minorities, gays and lesbians, etc) to ‘speak about themselves.’ Often, a battery of techniques, many borrowed from fiction or avant-garde films, are used. Performative docs often link up personal accounts or experiences with larger political or historical realities.
Examples: Alain Resnais’ Night And Fog (1955), with a commentary by Holocaust survivior Jean Cayrol, is not a historical account of the Holocaust but instead a subjective account of it; it’s a film about memory. Also, Peter Forgacs’ Free Fall (1988) and Danube Exodus (1999); and Robert Gardner’s Forest of Bliss (1985), a film about India that I’ve long heard about and look forward to seeing.
I can use these different forms of documentary to analyse my own documentary technique. What I find particularly interesting is the role truth plays in documentaries and how the different forms presented here show facts in very different ways.
Thank you. I teach English and often use documentaries to supplement the text. This source is invaluable.
i.m a student of media studies . wanted to get some knowledge about documentries . this artical helped me to know the kinds of documentry
Thank you so much.
I haven’t been able to find a concise breakdown of “types of documentaries” but this has made it very easy.
This source is gold!!
you spelled my name wrong . -.-
got my exams tomorrow n it really helped^_^
what type of documentary would you say man on Wire is please
Thaks 4such a informative script. Its really helpful.
this is all so confusing but thanks for trying =)
I want to know about this course
Hello:
This is a workshop that took place as part of the University of Texas at Austin/Portugal Co-Lab project.
http://www.utaustinportugal.org/
[…] The wonders of Google have provided me with this information. It is taken from here. […]
What documentary style would helter skleter be. Expository?
Hi, I’m currently working on a documentary about addressing social issues of of my country, and at the same time giving recommendations on how to tackle the issues raised. It also involve inspiration and guides of youths of today, particularly adult students, how could I call such a documentary? Please Help because I’m currently worried about whether to call it a documentary film or not. Or better still, it’d be much more appreciated if you could email me with the enlightenment via either of these email addresses; w.jallow@yahoo.com or wurry4good@gmail.com
thank you much for this i’ve search heaven and
hell for info like this
Thanks alot.I am in post for my first doc’ film and i wanted to class the work when using it to pitch for my next project.its been invaluable.
I’m a media teacher for MMT(Mastrer in Media Technology). It helps me to categories the documentary when teaching.
This piece is great. It is a must read for all and sundry. thank you.
[…] is heard, but never seen, speaking in that tell-tale “richly toned male voice” that Nichols talks about, judging “the actions…without getting caught up in […]
Hi…. Thank you about this Artical it’s help me to know about the types of
Documentry….
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
when i was in the university i was only taught three types of documentary but thank god this article has expanded my horizon.thank you
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
I deed to know how to write radio documentary sript
Very insightful. Now I clearly understand
Very insightful. Now I clearly understand. Thanks!
Hello, I found this article very interesting and invaluable. I am doing a radio documentary as part of my final year thesis in Journalism in Dublin City University Ireland. I want to do it on Rural Isolation In Ireland as i think its a huge issue that has not been highlighted before. it is an issue close to my heart as i volunteer with organisations that try and prevent it so I know from experience how horrible it is. As i love the issue so much I want to give it justice and do it in a way that would be special. I was wondering, from a different persepective what you think of this Idea and what way would you approach it? my email is noelle.smith6@mail.dcu.ie hope to hear back from you soon 🙂 thanks.
what type of documentary would “when we were kings” be?
I’m a communicative english student.i really wanted to do some background study on this subject as part of my assignment.the material is really useful.thankyou
This write-up is very helpful. Thanks for sharing it! 🙂
I study physics bt sum how i was askd 2 do a presentation on this topic n got stuck…thanks 4 help.
I’m a M.ed student .my dissertation topic is effectiveness of documentary presentation in the learning of geogrphy .this material is really helpful.thankyou
[…] Documentary, 2009, 6 types of documentary, Collaborative Documentary Workshop Porto ’09, https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/, accessed Aug 18 […]
[…] I’ve watched two documentaries recently,one is Hearts of Darkness:A Filmmaker’s Apocalypse,which is considered to be one of the best making-of documentaries in any dvds/Blu-rays.The other is The Beatles:The First U.S. Visit,easily the best visual extensions of the greatest band ever.What interests me about these two films are the intimacy the camera brought me,the intimacy between me and the characters,the intimacy between me and the truth.So I looked it up on Internet,and found 6 documentary sub-genres: […]
Great write up, thanks for sharing it!
Great article, I really loved the fact you had examples as well. I think it anchors peoples knowledge as to what the specific documentary is much faster.
Thankyou very much,,this information realy help alot.
i didnt understand this i didnt understand. this
It will help understand the nature of documentaries as well as their characteristics.
However my English not good, but it’s very helpful.
Thanks. Bunthoeun Cambodia.
[…] Six Types of Documentaries. (2009). Collaborative Documentary Workshop. Retrieved on November 21, 2013 from https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
This is a detailed analyses of d types of documentaries. Good job!
This is very detailed. Thanks
[…] Documentaries can be split into six different forms. The following has been inspired by Bill Nichols books Introduction to Documentary (2001) and Representing Reality (1991), and taken from (https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/) […]
I loved your post.Much thanks again. febdcddbkfge
[…] Source :https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
great ideas. its helping me develop my documentary theme. Thanks.
Good list of documentaries for teaching purpose, thanks.
Someone may interested on this documentary films that shows the ancient history and the growth of human civilization relates to the ancient civilization all over the world. – Ancient History Documentary –
Thank you sir, I find everything you wrote here very useful. It will help along way..In improving my skills. tell_me4sure@yahoo.com
Hello I a teacher at TOM institute I this is very help full for my teaching mated I like to thank you and I ready to learn more from you thank again bless you !!!!!! Andualem Deressa
[…] from different cultures and backgrounds. The camera will follow these participants in an observational style: exploring how they participate in their culture whilst living so far away from home. The […]
wawooo so great indeed thanks for this important information it has helped me to do my course work be blessed
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] 6 Types of Documentary | Collaborative Documentary … – Hello, I found this article very interesting and invaluable. I am doing a radio documentary as part of my final year thesis in Journalism in Dublin City University …… […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
modes and documentary are the same thing
[…] 6 Types of Documentary | Collaborative Documentary … – I’ve watched two documentaries recently,one is Hearts of Darkness:A Filmmaker’s Apocalypse,which is considered to be one of the best making-of documentaries in …… […]
A big help though. Thanks a lot!
[…] information from different mediums in order to gain more insight into the industry. Watching the different variations of documentaries would help me out because there are different ways that I could present my ideas to the people. Of […]
[…] Perfomative, because “Performative documentaries stress subjective experience and emotional response to the world” (https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/). […]
This post is helpful to me, thanks a bunch.
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ (19/11/13) […]
[…] (Source: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary) […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] Collaborative Documentary Workshop Porto ’09,. (2009). 6 Types of Documentary. Retrieved 22 March 2015, from https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
thanks you so much its really helpful in my project
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
help mie with some tips of a musician documentary
[…] [2] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] Further Reading: Documentaries […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ > [18th […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
poop
THIS IS SO $WAG MAN, IT HELP ME $OO MUCH, THAKS
– LET THE $WAG BE WITH YOU
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] types of documentary (2009) Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ (Accessed: 4 December […]
[…] types of documentary (2009) Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ (Accessed: 4 December […]
thank you for these all point
[…] latest video would fall under. A quick google search came up with this page describing the “6 Types of Documentaries“. What I was looking for was a term that could describe shooting travel documentary […]
[…] latest video would fall under. A quick google search came up with this page describing the “6 Types of Documentaries“. What I was looking for was a term that could describe shooting travel documentary […]
[…] Documentary Workshop Porto ’09, (2009). 6 Types of Documentary. [online] Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ [Accessed 15 Feb. […]
Nice piece
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ > [18th […]
studying film and television, and i am writing tomorrow, thanks man
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] Documentary Workshop Porto ’09. (2009). 6 Types of Documentary. [online] Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ [Accessed 12 Apr. […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
Very Helpful. 10 out of 5.
[…] to Documentary, where he outlines the six modes (or “sub-genres” or “types”) of documentaries. While there’s a lot of variation within, these are the six main categories of the genre in […]
[…] (Accessed: 29 April 2016). Name (2009) 6 types of documentary. Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ (Accessed: 1 March 2016). Name* (2011) How to write a documentary treatment – part 335. […]
[…] Burton. (2009). 6 Types of Documentary. Available: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/. Last accessed 20th Feb […]
thanks for the knowledge
[…] example of how the fly on the wall tactic could capture something so much deeper than expected (Collaborative Documentary,2009). On the other hand,participatory documentary captures the relationship with the filmmaker and […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
Great stuff
im 12 send me pics
Thank you so much, this piece helped me get through my problems with my netball team. I’m sending love from the bottom of my heart, a wonderful piece. God bless you kind sir.
[…] I wasn’t too sure as to what this type of documentary was. I found this quote though “Observational documentaries attempt to simply and spontaneously observe lived life with a minimum of…” This made me think of the documentary Child of our Time, a huge project following 25 […]
I learned a lot.
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
Waow great. I love the idea of u guys giving to us the different types of documentaries
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] C. (2009) 6 types of documentary. Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary (Accessed: 13 September […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
it was nice
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
Very helpful for our tv class, thanks for having this resource out there.
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ (2016) […]
[…] 6 Types of Documentary […]
what a way of sending me to the paper this afternoon. spectacular summary
[…] Here’s a really helpful list of types of documentary films. […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] 6 Types of Documentary | Collaborative Documentary Workshop Porto ’09. [ONLINE] Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/. [Accessed 19 January […]
[…] 6 Types of Documentary | Collaborative Documentary Workshop Porto ’09. [ONLINE] Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/. [Accessed 19 January […]
[…] Source. […]
[…] WordPresscom. (19 June 2009). 6 Types of Documentary. [Weblog]. Retrieved 17 March 2017, from https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] Documentary Workshop Porto ’09. (2016). 6 Types of Documentary. [online] available from <https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary -> [Accessed 10 Nov. […]
I found this article so interesting.
pls am to shot a 15mins documentary as part of my school project . am wondering how to write my scripts.
[…] Documentary Workshop Porto ’09. (2017). 6 Types of Documentary. [online] Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ [Accessed 29 May […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] Documentary Workshop Porto ’09. (2017). 6 Types of Documentary. [online] Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ [Accessed 19 Aug. […]
[…] Source: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] Types of Documentary. [online] Collaborative Documentary Workshop Porto ’09. Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ [Accessed 7 Oct. […]
[…] These are the most self conscious of all the documentary modes. They want us to “Question the authenticity of the documentary in general“. As well as being highly skeptical of […]
Excellent. Helped me to distinguish between the different modes.
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
really helpful and precise thanks 🙂
All your comments are irrelevant, lets be honest…
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] to Documentary, where he outlines the six modes (or “sub-genres” or “types”) of documentaries. While there’s a lot of variation within, these are the six main categories of the genre in […]
[…] Collaborative Documentary. (2009, June 19). 6 Types of Documentary. Retrieved from https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] 6 Types of Documentary. (2018). Retrieved from https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] Expository Documentaries are said by most to be the most familiar documentary out of all documentaries. Theses kinds of documentaries are detailed and are knowledge based followed along by research to inform and educate its viewers.These kinds of documentaries can contain graphics, illustrations and charts to add to its content. We see this type of documentary in one of the films we viewed earlier in the semester “Shored Up.” This film was very informative to its audience and even though it may at some point have seemed like a lecture- in my opinion- it was one geared to educate and inform the audience. Using graphics and charts to engage the views in a visual of what they were explaining on film. This worked well for this informative film because as expository documentaries can be full of fact it can also be a lot of information to take in – in my opinion- so having visuals to see helps. We watch and listen as this film continuously persuades us to take a stance on the sea level rising that can tear away millions of homes and properties. […]
Great source of documentary types. I am a media student@the Malawi Institute of JOURNALISM
[…] of bias. This results in new forms of documentary film that challenge older forms. There are six forms of traditional documentary, including: expository, observational, poetic, reflexive, and participatory (currently dominant). […]
[…] Collaborative Documentary Workshop Porto ’09. (2018). 6 Types of Documentary. [online] Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] Documentary Workshop Porto ’09. (2019). 6 Types of Documentary. [online] Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ [Accessed 5 Feb. […]
[…] 6 Types of Documentary. (2009). Retrieved from https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] Types of Documentary (2009). Collaborative Documentary Workshop Porto ’09. Available from https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ [Accessed 22 August […]
[…] Documentary Workshop Porto ’09. (2019). 6 Types of Documentary. [online] Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ [Accessed 2 Oct. […]
[…] where he outlines the six modes (or “sub-genres” or “types”) of documentaries. While there’s a lot of variation within, these are the six main categories of the […]
[…] Documentary Workshop Porto ’09. (2020). 6 Types of Documentary. [online] Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ [Accessed 29 Jan. […]
[…] Documentary Workshop Porto ’09. (2020). 6 Types of Documentary. [online] Available at: https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ [Accessed 5 Mar. […]
Hello, This article is quite informative.
I want to make a documentary on a well know personality; who also introduced a very famous educational system to the world.
What type of documentary cayergory would it come under?
Please guide.
Thank you
[…] the classic text from Bill Nichols that outlines the six modes (or “sub-genres”) of documentaries. While there’s a lot of variation within, these are the six main categories of the genre into […]
The Frenchman also suggested the Gunners faithful get some “perspective after a series of prot.
It shows that we have the capacity to recruit this type of players to complement our squad for the season.
[…] el texto clásico de Bill Nichols que describe los seis modos (o “subgéneros”) de documentales. Si bien hay mucha variación dentro, estas son las seis categorías principales del género en las […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] https://collaborativedocumentary.wordpress.com/6-types-of-documentary/ […]
[…] classic text from Bill Nichols that outlines the six modes (or “sub-genres”) of documentaries. While there’s a lot of variation within, these are the six main categories of the genre into […]
[…] cổ điển của Bill Nichols phác thảo 6 hình thức (hoặc “thể loại phụ”) của phim tài liệu. Mặc dù có rất nhiều sự thay đổi bên trong, nhưng đây là sáu danh mục chính […]
[…] We suggest you start with Introduction to Documentary, the classic text from Bill Nichols that outlines the six modes (or “sub-genres”) of documentaries. […]